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Mountain goats have cloven hooves with two toes that spread wide to improve balance. Rough pads on the bottom of each toe provide the grip of a natural climbing shoe. Mountain goats are powerful but nimble and can jump nearly 12 feet in a single bound.

Why are goats such good climbers?

They have slim bodies that let them shimmy over ledges and squeeze close to rocks. Their hooves are split into two sections, allowing them to spread the halves to grip a larger rock surface. The bottoms of their hooves have rubbery pads, like shoe soles. The pads provided the goats with even more traction.

Which animal is the 2nd fastest?

pronghorn is a kind of Large Goat found in America

A pronghorn can run up to 60 miles per hour, which makes them the second-fastest land animal in the world (cheetah – 61 mph). Although second to the cheetah, the pronghorn can sustain its speed for much longer for up to 1km  while the cheetah can last only about a minute at top speed .

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Why Are Mountain Goats Such Effective Climbers? Culled from Forbes

All available internet information regarding the question of how goats descent cliffs seems to be vague and unsatisfactory. Data mentions hooves and legs in a broad sense, but with few specifics. It’s time to answer this mystery. And a medieval knight will help us understand.

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Certain animals are known for their rock-climbing skills. Ibex, big-horn sheep, mountain goats, etc. But one of these reigns supreme. The mountain goat is the undisputed master of terrifying heights and seemingly impossible-to-scale cliff faces. They are often seen on the pinnacles of mountain tops that will have a mountain sheep saying “Dude… how the heck did you get up there? And how are you getting down?!”

So what is it that differentiates a mountain goat from its mountain-climbing buddies, and gives it that bit of an edge? It is, indeed, mostly the hooves. All of these fearless adrenaline junkies do have specialized hooves, that give them incredible grip and traction on rocky, inclined terrain. To explain, I will use an analogy of a medieval knight’s armor; in particular, his armored shoes. These are called sabatons, and they cover a knight’s foot: [1]

In design, if not in function, these animals share a trait with a medieval knight’s foot armor. These sabatons have no bottoms to them. They are strapped in place over the top of the knight’s shoes. What results is a hard covering on top, a soft bottom, and surrounding the soft sole, a hard edge that touches the ground. Here you can see how I’ve made this comparison. This is the basic design of the hooves of these animals: [2]

This is what allows them to be rock climbers. If we consider the hoof of a horse, we know that horses walk only on the hard edge of their hooves. A horseshoe gets its shape from the part of the hoof that touches the ground. Let’s also consider the foot of a mountain lion. It has no hard edge. It has soft pads that touch the ground. Our mountain climbing animals combine the best of both worlds in that they have both a hard edge and soft pads that touch the ground.

Next, let’s again consider the hoof of a horse. A horse has a single toe surrounded by a hard edge. A mountain lion has multiple toes with no edge. Once again, our mountain climbers combine the best of both worlds, and we have multiple toes, each surrounded by a hard edge.

The two factors I’ve mentioned above are what give these animals incredible traction and grip. I’ll explain how this works. Let’s take a look at the hoof of a big-horned sheep: [3]

If you look closely, you can see how it compares to the generic drawing above. The soft sole is the crinkly bit in the center. The outline of the hard edge can be seen surrounding the central pad. When these animals are walking across steep rocky terrain, the irregularities in the rock push up into the softer sole. This sole indents and conforms to the shape of the bump in the rock. That bump is now entrapped by the hard edge that surrounds it. It’s nearly impossible for the hoof to slide. The hoof is locked in place. We have the textured, indented sole providing traction, and the cupping action of the hard edge around. In addition, we have two independent toes that can be spread apart as needed for placement, and also squeezed together, further enhancing the grip of that particular foot. Once in place, this foot is practically glued to the rock surface. It doesn’t matter how small the irregularity in the rock is. This system takes advantage of any edge.

When we add in the fact that these animals don’t just place their feet willy-nilly in any spot, but rather, choose carefully and if need be, will paw away at the surface to remove any loose gravel before committing to that foothold, we have an incredible, functional design! Ain’t nature great? It’s quite clear how this evolved in these animals through natural selection. Those that didn’t get a perfect grip ended up at the bottom of the cliff, having gotten there “the hard way.” Only the best adapted and survived, making each generation slightly more sure-footed.

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This remarkable hoof enabled these animals to stay out of range of their predators by traveling across terrain that no predator could possibly traverse.

The question asked here relates specifically to how they descend cliffs. The answer to that is this specialized hoof design. The question of how they ascend cliffs (go up) would require additional explanations of the special design of their forelegs, shoulder muscles, and other physiological features. But we’ll just stick with descent right now, as was asked.

So, as I mentioned, it is the hoof design combined with their technique of pawing away loose substrate prior to committing foot placement. Also, if these animals did not have the ability to “look ahead” while descending, many more would be taking the gravity express down to the bottom; again, the hard way. They know they will occasionally stand on something that gives way, so they already have a sense of the next few foot locations in case they have to make a quick jump to the next one. When their speed increases due to necessity, they tend to make a slightly lateral jump if possible, as opposed to straight down. This decreases the vertical stress on the rock somewhat. If they are jumping sideways to any degree, this sends the energy of their movement and weight in a direction other than straight down. It dissipates sideways.

When descending, they tend to maintain three points of contact at all times, as opposed to when ascending, in which case they have been known to pull their entire body up with a single leg. Descending is more dangerous, as they are adding the energy of momentum to their weight. Therefore, extra caution is required. And like any rock climber, they are expert at keeping their center of gravity as close to the rock face as possible.

So that explains the remarkable abilities of the major rock climbing ungulates. But we are still stuck with the question of why the mountain goat is the king among all others. The answer, again, is their hoof. Here is the hoof of a mountain goat: [4]

If you compare it to the big-horn sheep hoof above, you can see the difference. These hooves have more fleshy, soft pad exposed. The hard edge more closely resembles the metal sabaton of our medieval knight’s armor. It doesn’t curl under, and there is a more definitive “edge.” Also, the fleshy pad extends further out; it’s more “puffed” out, and dimensionally larger. When a foot is placed down, the pad makes first contact over a larger area. Through the sense of touch, this gives the mountain goat more information as to what he is about to step on, and more opportunity to adjust as needed. There is a bit more sensory feedback available to the mountain goat, and more surface area available in which to position the irregularities of the rock surface.

Lastly, let’s compare the overall appearance of the mountain goat, mountain sheep, and ibex for our final clues: [5] [6] [7]

Let’s start with the most obvious: horns. What do you imagine happens to the center of gravity, with horns the size of the big-horn sheep or the ibex? Yes, although mighty impressive, it wreaks havoc on the balance of these animals, relatively speaking, when compared to the mountain goat at the top. It’s much more difficult to keep most of the weight close to the rock face of the cliff: [8]

Those absurdly steep cliffs that the goat can climb and descend prove to be more of a challenge to the other two, partially due to that unwieldy extra weight being carried around at the forward-most part of their body. And, last but not least … insane shoulder muscles. The mountain goat is the Brock Lesnar of the ungulate world. Can anyone say “no-neck-beast”? : [9]

Yep, the mountain goat just has more muscle, when it counts, to lift himself up crazy cliffs and hold himself in place, or do chimney climbs in places where not even a big-horned sheep or ibex can follow: [10a] [10b]

Now, that’s awesome! Those guys are licking the rocks for salts and other minerals. I guess they wanted to lick where no tongue has gone before. (Can’t blame ‘em!) Also, I can’t argue with ‘em. Those rocks do look delicious! Am I right?

The goat on the left was observed to finally finish his licking, after having rotated a full 180 degrees to get in this position, and then walk back down the way he came. The one on the right remained in that position for over an hour, licking various rocks, and was still there when the observer eventually left. [11]

“I’m on top of the world! Echo… echo… echo!”

And now you know about mountain goats, and their amazing climbing “feets.”

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Fastest organism

The fastest land animal is the cheetah. The peregrine falcon is the fastest bird, and the fastest member of the animal kingdom, with a diving speed of 389 km/h (242 mph).^[1] Among the fastest animals in the sea is the black marlin, with uncertain and conflicting reports of recorded speeds.^[2][3]

When drawing comparisons between different classes of animals, an alternative unit is used for organisms: body length per second. The fastest organism on earth, relative to its body length, is the Southern Californian mite, Paratarsotomus macropalpis, which has a speed of 322 body lengths per second.^[4] The equivalent speed for a human, running as fast as this mite, would be 1,300 mph (2,092 km/h).^[5] The speed of the P. macropalpis is far in excess of the previous record holder, the Australian tiger beetle Cicindela eburneola, which is the fastest insect in the world relative to body size, with a recorded speed of 1.86 metres per second (6.7 km/h; 4.2 mph), or 171 body lengths per second.^[6] The cheetah, the fastest land mammal, scores at only 16 body lengths per second,^[4] while Anna’s hummingbird has the highest known length-specific velocity attained by any vertebrate.